Plant species

Key gene

Gene roles under HMs

Ref.

Triticum aestivum L.

TaGST

TaGST showed growth and tolerance against stress As toxicity

[40]

Beta vulgaris

subsp. vulgaris

BvPCS3, BvHIPP32, BvGST23

BvHIPP32 retained the excess Cd in the root cell wall; BvGST23 stimulated GSH-related antioxidants, and ROS detoxification in Cd-exposed plants

[9]

Hibiscus cannabinus L. cv. Fuhong 992

HcTrx

Exogenous GSH eliminated ROS and activated antioxidant defense;

HcTrx overexpression lines improved chlorophyll levels and enhanced Cr tolerance

[48]

Solanum lycopersicum

UGT

GSH triggers the degradation and metabolism of residual fungicides by UGT genes

[49]

Medicago sativa L.

MsGS, MsPCS1

MsGS, MsPCS1 enhanced exogenous GSH and PCs accumulation and Cd tolerance

[6]

Brassica juncea L.

AtPCS1

AtPCS1 encoding PCS showed tolerance to Cd and As

[50]

Arabidopsis thaliana L.

AsPCS1, GSH1

AsPCS1 and GSH1 enhanced total PCs and GSH production, which led to Cd and As tolerance

[51]

Oryza sativa L.

OsPCS1, OsPCS2

Between two homologues, OsPCS2 controlled PCs synthesis that led to As tolerance in rice

[52]

Brassica juncea  L.

GSH2

Overexpression of GS lines enhanced GSH, PCs, thiol, S, and Ca, which led to Cd tolerance

[53]

Arabidopsis thaliana L..

VsPCS1

Overexpression of VsPCS1 Increased PCs synthesis and Cd tolerance

[54]