Exploring impact of integrated breeding strategies in enhancing yield, nutritional quality, and stress tolerance in alfalfa

Table 1. Impacts of biotic-abiotic stress on alfalfa forage yield and its nutritional quality

Biotic-abiotic stress	Area, Country		Affected traits	Impacts of biotic-abiotic stress	References
Hypera postica (alfalfa weevil)		Oklahoma, Japan	Plant growth, maturity rate, stand density	Decreased growth, maturity rate and stand density (stems/m²)	[33]
Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid)		Minnesota, USA	DMY, plant hight, DDM, maturity rating	DMY, plant hight, DDM, maturity rating and economic value of alfalfa are greatly influenced by pea aphid	[34]
Therioaphis maculate ( spotted alfalfa aphid)		California, USA	Hay quality, protein and carotene content	Reduced protein and carotene content in damaged hay	[35]
Weevil and aphids		Oklahoma, Japan	FY, stand persistence and TNC	Reduced FY, stand persistence and TNC	[36]
Water deficit		Las Cruces, New Mexico	DMY, WUE, maturity, and leaf/stem ratio	Enhanced early maturity; reduced leaf/stem ratio	[37]
Drought		Becker, Minnesota, USA	FY, ADF, NDF, and ADL	Reduced yield potential by drought stress	[38]
High temperature, CO₂		Pamplona, Spain	Forage digestibility, quality and yield	Reduced digestibility and CP; enhanced fiber content	[39]
Variable irrigation		Sudan	Plant growth, yield, and WUE	Inhibited plant height, BY,WUE	[40]

ADF, acid detergent fiber; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADL, acid detergent lignin; DMY, dry matter yield; FQ, forage quality; TNC, non-structural carbohydrate; FY, forage yield; WUE, water use efficiency; BY, biomass yield; CP, crude protein; DDM, digestible dry matter.