Gene name

 Source

Promoter

Performance of transgenic alfalfa

References

AaEβF (E-beta-farnesene)

Artemisia annua

35S-CaMV

Controlled aphid by changing behavior

[67]

s-cryIC (synthetic cryIC gene)

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae

35S-CaMV

Conferred Spodoptera pest insect resistance

[68]

ZxNHX and ZxVP1-1 (Cation/H+ antiporters   and vacuolar membrane proton pump 1)

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum

35S-CaMV

Produced better yield and good quality forage; enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought and phosphate deficiency

[69]

TPS1-TPS2(rehalose-6-phosphate
synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate
phosphatase)

Saccharomyces
cerevisia

rd29A

Increased  biomass yield and accumulation of trehalose; enhanced tolerance to drought, freezing, salt, and heat stress

[70]

Mn-SOD(superoxide dismutase)

Nicotiana  plumbaginifolia

35S-CaMV

Improved herbage yield and winter survival

[71]

AVP1(Vacuolar
H+-pyrophosphatase)

Arabidopsis thaliana

35S-CaMV

Showed better photosynthesis efficiency; enhanced resistance to salt and drought

[72]

C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase coumaroyl), C3H(shikimate 3-hydroxylase), F5H (ferulate 5-hydroxylase)

Medicago truncatula,   

  M. sativa

PAL2

Significantly reduced lignin without significant impact on  composition; improved forage digestibility

[73]

CS (citrate synthase gene)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Act2, RB7

Enhanced tolerance to aluminum (Al) stress

[74]

bar (bialaphos resistance gene)

Streptomyces hygroscopicus.

35S-CaMV

Exhibited resistance to the herbicide glufosinate-

ammonium [ammonium -DL-homoalanin-4-yl (methyl)  phosphinate]

[75]

MsHsp23 (heat shock protein)

Medicago sativa

35S-CaMV

Enhanced tolerance to oxidative and heat stress

[8]

Ibor (orange gene)

Ipomoea batatas

SWPA2

Increased carotenoid accumulation; enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stress;

[76]